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Finding and Playing Streaming Video and Audio

2010-05-10T07:54:00.000-07:00

If you have a connection to the Internet and you want to find streaming video and audio files, you shouldn't have to look far. Sound and video have become a common part of sites all over the Web, and the process of using these files is pretty intuitive. You find something you want to watch or hear -- you click it, and it plays. Unless you're watching a live feed or a webcast, you can often pause, back up and move forward through the file, just like you could if you were watching a DVD or listening to a CD.

But if you've never used streaming media, your computer may need a little help to decode and play the file. You'll need a plugin for your Web browser or a stand-alone player. Most of the time, the Web page you've visited points you in the right direction. It prompts you to download a specific player or shows you a list of choices.

These players decode and display data, and they usually retrieve information a little faster than they play it. This extra information stays in a buffer in case the stream falls behind. There are four primary players, and each one supports specific streaming file formats:

* QuickTime, from Apple, plays files that end in .mov.
* RealNetworks RealMedia plays .rm files.
* Microsoft Windows Media can play a few streaming file types: Windows Media Audio (.wma), Windows Media Video (.wmv) and Advanced Streaming Format (.asf).
* The Adobe Flash player plays .flv files. It can also play .swf animation files.

For the most part, these players can't decode one another's file formats. For this reason, some sites use lots of different file types. These sites will ask you to choose your preferred player or pick one for you automatically.

The QuickTime, RealMedia and Windows Media players can work as stand-alone players with their own menu bars and controls. They can also work as browser plugins, which are like miniature versions of the full-scale player. In plugin mode, these players can look like an integrated part of a Web page or pop-up window.

Flash video is a little different. It usually requires a Flash applet, which is a program designed to decode and play streaming Flash files. Programmers can write their own Flash applets and customize them to fit the needs of a specific Web page. Flash is becoming a more popular option for playing streaming video. It's what YouTube, Google Video and the New York Times all use to display videos on their sites.

The Basic streaming video process between Computer and servers

In this article, we'll explore what it takes to create this stream of ones and zeros as well as how it differs from the data in a typical download. We'll also take a look at how to make good streaming media files.

Creating Good Streaming Videos

Making a good streaming video starts with recording, not compression. With a few basic steps, you can significantly reduce the amount of data required to create the images that make up your video:

* Use a steady, unobtrusive background. If you have a green screen, use it -- you can add a different background during editing.
* Keep the camera still.
* If you're filming people, make sure they wear solid colors rather than patterns.

Keep it simple -- the more complexity you put into your shot, the more detail the computer will have to render later.

Step-by-step Streaming

Using streaming media files is as easy as browsing the Web, but there's a lot that goes on behind the scenes to make the process possible:

1. Using your Web browser, you find a site that features streaming video or audio.
2. You find the file you want to access, and you click the image, link or embedded player with your mouse.
3. The Web server hosting the Web page requests the file from the streaming server.
4. The software on the streaming server breaks the file into pieces and sends them to your computer using real-time protocols.
5. The browser plugin, standalone player or Flash application on your computer decodes and displays the data as it arrives.
6. Your computer discards the data.

How Touch pad works ?

2009-11-22T18:04:00.000-08:00

Apple touchpad

Working and operation:

Touchpads operate in one of several ways, including capacitive sensing and conductance sensing. The most common technology used today entails sensing the capacitance of a finger, or the capacitance between sensors. Because of the property being sensed, capacitance-based touchpads will not sense the tip of a pencil or other similar implement. Gloved fingers will generally also be problematic (such as in a cleanroom environment).

While touchpads, like touchscreens, by their design are able to sense absolute positions, precision is limited by their size. For common use as a pointer device, the dragging motion of a finger is translated into a finer, relative motion of the cursor on the screen, analogous to the handling of a mouse that is lifted and put back on a surface. The buttons are below, above or sideways — the latter is often[original research?] used for compact devices, such as Netbooks — for the pad serve as standard mouse buttons. Depending on the model of touchpad and drivers behind it, you may also click by tapping your finger on the touchpad, and drag with a tap followed by a continuous pointing motion (a "click-and-a-half"). Touchpad drivers can also allow the use of multiple fingers to facilitate the other mouse buttons (commonly two-finger tapping for the center button).

Some touchpads also have "hotspots": locations on the touchpad that indicate user intentions other than pointing. For example, on certain touchpads, moving the finger along an edge of the touch pad will act as a scroll wheel, controlling the scrollbar and scrolling the window that has the focus vertically or horizontally depending on which edge is stroked. Apple uses two-finger dragging gesture for scrolling on their trackpads. However, these are driver dependent functions and can be disabled. Also, certain touchpad drivers allow for tap zones, regions whereby a tap will execute a function. For example, pausing the media player or launching an application.

Theory behind operation

There are two principal means by which touchpads work. In the matrix approach, a series of conductors are arranged in an array of parallel lines in two layers, separated by an insulator and crossing each other at right angles to form a grid. A high frequency signal is applied sequentially between pairs in this two-dimensional grid array. The current that passes between the nodes is proportional to the capacitance. When a virtual ground, such as a finger, is placed over one of the intersections between the conductive layer some of the electrical field is shunted to this ground point, resulting in a change in the apparent capacitance at that location. This method received U.S. Patent 5,305,017 awarded to George Gerpheide in April 1994.

The capacitive shunt method, described in an application note by Analog Devices,[6] senses the change in capacitance between a transmitter and receiver that are on opposite sides of the sensor. The transmitter creates an electric field which oscillates at 200-300 kHz. If a ground point, such as the finger, is placed between the transmitter and receiver, some of the field lines are shunted away, decreasing the apparent capacitance.

Multi Touchpad

Scrolling TrackPad is the name for one of Apple Inc.'s patent-pending trackpads, used in their MacBook and MacBook Pro laptop computers. They were previously used in the PowerBook and iBook lines, prior to Apple's switch to Intel processors. It lets users scroll in an arbitrary direction by touching the pad with two fingers instead of one, and then moving their fingers across the pad in the direction they wish to scroll. For comparison, many laptop touchpads instead set aside an area along the right edge and bottom edge of the pad, and moving a single finger in these areas performs a vertical or horizontal scroll operation, respectively. Current MacBooks, MacBook Pros and MacBook Airs have a Multi-Touch pad.

Compaq touch-pad

Optimus keyboard images and videos

2009-09-19T19:05:00.000-07:00

IMAGES::::

VIDEOS::::

Optimus maximus keyboard function::

Optimus maximus control function::

Optimus maximus usuage::

What is phishing?

2009-09-09T16:23:00.000-07:00

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Example of phishing:

The phishing email looks like:

When you click the link it goes to the website looks like below

Phishing techniques:

Social engineering:

People have a built-in reaction to things that seem important. Subjects lines worded to arouse anxiety usually prompt immediate action. An email with the subject: "to restore access to your bank account ..." will usually get instant attention and prompt most people to click to read what happened.

There has been extensive research on the subject.

It is so pervasive that even corporate and government sites are actively informing their users on the issue.

Link manipulation:

Most methods of phishing use some form of technical deception designed to make a link in an e-mail (and the spoofed website it leads to) appear to belong to the spoofed organization. Misspelled URLs or the use of subdomains are common tricks used by phishers. In the following example URL, http://www.yourbank.example.com/, it appears as though the URL will take you to the example section of the yourbank website; actually this URL points to the "yourbank" (i.e. phishing) section of the example website. Another common trick is to make the anchor text for a link appear to be valid, when the link actually goes to the phishers' site. The following example link, http://infoguyz.blogspot.com/2009/03/about-internet-cookies.html, appears to take you to an article entitled "about-internet-cookies"; clicking on it will in fact take you to the article entitled "about RSS". In the lower left hand corner of most browsers you can preview and verify where the link is going to take you.

An old method of spoofing used links containing the '@' symbol, originally intended as a way to include a username and password (contrary to the standard). For example, the link http://www.google.com@members.tripod.com/ might deceive a casual observer into believing that it will open a page on www.google.com, whereas it actually directs the browser to a page on members.tripod.com, using a username of www.google.com: the page opens normally, regardless of the username supplied. Such URLs were disabled in Internet Explorer, while Mozilla Firefox and Opera present a warning message and give the option of continuing to the site or cancelling.

A further problem with URLs has been found in the handling of Internationalized domain names (IDN) in web browsers, that might allow visually identical web addresses to lead to different, possibly malicious, websites. Despite the publicity surrounding the flaw, known as IDN spoofing or homograph attack, phishers have taken advantage of a similar risk, using open URL redirectors on the websites of trusted organizations to disguise malicious URLs with a trusted domain.

Website forgery:

Once a victim visits the phishing website the deception is not over. Some phishing scams use JavaScript commands in order to alter the address bar. This is done either by placing a picture of a legitimate URL over the address bar, or by closing the original address bar and opening a new one with the legitimate URL.

An attacker can even use flaws in a trusted website's own scripts against the victim. These types of attacks (known as cross-site scripting) are particularly problematic, because they direct the user to sign in at their bank or service's own web page, where everything from the web address to the security certificates appears correct. In reality, the link to the website is crafted to carry out the attack, although it is very difficult to spot without specialist knowledge. Just such a flaw was used in 2006 against PayPal.

Phone phishing:

Not all phishing attacks require a fake website. Messages that claimed to be from a bank told users to dial a phone number regarding problems with their bank accounts. Once the phone number (owned by the phisher, and provided by a Voice over IP service) was dialed, prompts told users to enter their account numbers and PIN. Vishing (voice phishing) sometimes uses fake caller-ID data to give the appearance that calls come from a trusted organization

Damage caused by phishing: US$929 million(approx)

Anti phishing:

Social responses:

One strategy for combating phishing is to train people to recognize phishing attempts, and to deal with them. Education can be effective, especially where training provides direct feedback.One newer phishing tactic, which uses phishing e-mails targeted at a specific company, known as spear phishing, has been harnessed to train individuals at various locations, including United States Military Academy at West Point, NY. In a June 2004 experiment with spear phishing, 80% of 500 West Point cadets who were sent a fake e-mail were tricked into revealing personal information.

People can take steps to avoid phishing attempts by slightly modifying their browsing habits. When contacted about an account needing to be "verified" (or any other topic used by phishers), it is a sensible precaution to contact the company from which the e-mail apparently originates to check that the e-mail is legitimate. Alternatively, the address that the individual knows is the company's genuine website can be typed into the address bar of the browser, rather than trusting any hyperlinks in the suspected phishing message.

Technical responses:

Anti-phishing measures have been implemented as features embedded in browsers, as extensions or toolbars for browsers, and as part of website login procedures. The following are some of the main approaches to the problem.

How Photocopiers Work ..??

2009-08-08T08:13:00.000-07:00

The Basics

The human-end of making a copy begins with a few basic steps:

* Open the copier lid
* Place the document to be photocopied face-down on the glass
* Select the options you want (number of pages, enlargements, lighter/darker)
* Press the Start button

What happens inside the copier at this point is amazing! At its heart, a copier works because of one basic physical principle: opposite charges attract.

As a kid, you probably played with static electricity and balloons. On a dry winter day, you can rub a balloon on your sweater and create enough static electricity in the balloon to create a noticeable force. For example, a balloon charged with static electricity will attract small bits of paper or particles of sugar very easily.

A copier uses a similar process.

* Inside a copier there is a special drum. The drum acts a lot like a balloon -- you can charge it with a form of static electricity.

* Inside the copier there is also a very fine black powder known as toner. The drum, charged with static electricity, can attract the toner particles.

There are three things about the drum and the toner that let a copier perform its magic:

* The drum can be selectively charged, so that only parts of it attract toner. In a copier, you make an "image" -- in static electricity -- on the surface of the drum. Where the original sheet of paper is black, you create static electricity on the drum. Where it is white you do not. What you want is for the white areas of the original sheet of paper to NOT attract toner. The way this selectivity is accomplished in a copier is with light -- this is why it's called a photocopier!

* Somehow the toner has to get onto the drum and then onto a sheet of paper. The drum selectively attracts toner. Then the sheet of paper gets charged with static electricity and it pulls the toner off the drum.

* The toner is heat sensitive, so the loose toner particles are attached (fused) to the paper with heat as soon as they come off the drum.

The drum, or belt, is made out of photoconductive material. Here are the actual steps involved in making a photocopy:

* The surface of the drum is charged.

* An intense beam of light moves across the paper that you have placed on the copier's glass surface. Light is reflected from white areas of the paper and strikes the drum below.

* Wherever a photon of light hits, electrons are emitted from the photoconductive atoms in the drum and neutralize the positive charges above. Dark areas on the original (such as pictures or text) do not reflect light onto the drum, leaving regions of positive charges on the drum's surface.

* Negatively charged, dry, black pigment called toner is then spread over the surface of the drum, and the pigment particles adhere to the positive charges that remain.

* A positively charged sheet of paper then passes over the surface of the drum, attracting the beads of toner away from it.

* The paper is then heated and pressed to fuse the image formed by the toner to the paper's surface.

This diagram helps see the process:

When the copier illuminates the sheet of paper on the glass surface of a copier, a pattern of the image is projected onto the positively charged photoreceptive drum below. Light reflected from blank areas on the page hits the drum and causes the charged particles coating the drum's surface to be neutralized. This leaves positive charges only where there are dark areas on the paper that did not reflect light. These positive charges attract negatively charged toner. The toner is then transferred and fused to a positively charged sheet of paper.

Inside a Photocopier

If you take a photocopier apart, you might be overwhelmed by how many different parts there are. However, the actual photocopying process relies on only a few, key pieces:

* Photoreceptor drum (or belt)
* Corona wires
* Lamp and lenses
* Toner
* Fuser

Photoreceptor Drum:

The photoreceptor drum (or, in some photocopiers, belt) is the heart of the system. A drum is basically a metal roller covered by a layer of photoconductive material. This layer is made out of a semiconductor such as selenium, germanium or silicon. What makes elements like selenium so cool is that they can conduct electricity in some cases, but not in others. In the dark, the photoconductive layer on the drum acts as an insulator, resisting the flow of electrons from one atom to another. But when the layer is hit by light, the energy of the photons liberates electrons and allows current to pass through! These newly freed electrons are what neutralizes the positive charge coating the drum to form the latent image.

Various photocopier drums

It's easy to imagine how you might project a copy of an image on a photoreceptive belt that has roughly the same dimensions as the sheet of paper containing the image. A problem emerges when you think about doing the same thing on a thin, cylindrical drum. How can the surface area of the drum possibly match the real estate on a sheet of paper? The solution is to simply rotate the drum while you're making a copy. If you rotate the drum in lockstep with the movement of the light beam across the original document, you can build the image strip by strip. After one strip of light is focused onto a corresponding swath of the drum, the drum rotates to expose a fresh area of the photoconductor. Meanwhile, the previously exposed region of the drum swings into contact with the toner, and then with the paper.

Because the length of a standard printed page is a lot larger than the circumference of the drum in a modern photocopier, one full rotation of the drum will only replicate a small piece of the page. The drum actually has to be cleaned, recharged with ions, exposed to photons, and sprinkled with toner multiple times in order to duplicate the entire original. To the casual observer, the process appears continuous, because it's all seamlessly coordinated inside the photocopier as the drum rotates.

Corona Wires:

For a photocopier to work, a field of positive charges must be generated on the surface of both the drum and the copy paper. These tasks are accomplished by the corona wires. These wires are subjected to a high voltage, which they subsequently transfer to the drum and paper in the form of static electricity.
One of these wires is stretched parallel to the drum surface and charges the photoconductive surface with positive ions, and the other wire is positioned to coat the paper's surface as the paper shoots by on its way to the drum.

The corona wire uses static electricity to coat both the
photoreceptive drum and the copy paper
with a layer of positively charged ions.

Lamp and Lenses

Making a photocopy requires a light source with enough energy to boot electrons out of the photoconductive atoms. What wavelengths of light can do this? It turns out that most of the visible spectrum of light contains enough energy to drive the process, especially the green and blue end of the spectrum. Anything lower than the red portion of the visible spectrum doesn't have enough gusto to activate the photoconductor. And, although UV light has more than enough firepower to make a photocopy, it can be very damaging to our eyes and skin. This is why photocopiers use a plain old incandescent or fluorescent bulb to flash light onto the original document.

A strong lamp illuminates the sheet of paper to be copied.

When the lamp in the copier is turned on, it moves across the inside of the copier, illuminating one strip of the paper at a time. A mirror attached to the lamp assembly directs reflected light through a lens onto the rotating drum below. The lens works just like the one on your camera. It allows you to focus a copy of the image in a specific place. Although you can't really focus the image on a photocopier to make the final product more or less blurry, you can change the distance between the lens and the original or between the lens and drum to either reduce or magnify the size of the original image on your copy.

Toner

Toner is sometimes referred to as dry ink, but toner isn't actually ink at all! Ink is a pigmented liquid. Toner is a fine, negatively charged, plastic-based powder. The black color in photocopier toner comes from pigments blended into the plastic particles while they are being made

In your photocopier, toner is stuck on larger, positively charged beads and stored inside a toner cartridge. When toner-coated beads are rolled over the drum, the toner particles find the positively charged ions on the unexposed areas on the drum's surface much more attractive than the weakly charged bead. The same particles are subsequently even more drawn to the electrostatically charged paper. The plastic in the toner lets you keep it from jumping ship once you've finally got it on the paper; all you have to do is apply heat to the toner, and the plastic particles melt and fuse the pigment to the paper.

The Fuser

The fuser provides the finishing touches that make the toner image on a sheet of paper permanent. The fuser has to do two things:

Melt and press the toner image into the paper
Prevent the melted toner and/or the paper from sticking to the fuser

All that's required to accomplish these tasks is quartz tube lamps and Teflon-coated rollers. The sheet of paper is sent between two of the rollers. Then, the rollers gently press down on the page to embed the toner in the paper fiber. Meanwhile, inside the rollers, the lamps are on, generating enough heat to melt the toner. Why doesn't the toner melt onto the rollers instead? Just like non-stick coating prevents your dinner from becoming glued to the bottom of your frying pan, the Teflon coating the rollers keeps the toner and paper from sticking to them.

Putting It All Together

In a photocopier, the light-induced conductivity of the drum is exploited to create a latent image in the form of electrical charges on the surface of the drum. This image is made visible and transferred to paper using a special, charged toner. Here's how it all comes together to make a copy:

Before you press start, the photoconductive selenium,
germanium, or silicon surface of the drum is
already blanketed with positive charge.

1. For the photocopier to work its magic, the surface of the photoconductive material must first be coated with a layer of positively charged ions by the corona wire.

2. When you hit the Start button, a strong lamp moves across the inside of the copier and casts light onto the paper you're copying, and the drum starts to rotate. As light reflects off of blank areas of the paper, mirrors direct it through onto the drum surface. Like dark clothing on a hot sunny day, the dark areas of the original absorb the light, and the corresponding areas on the drum's surface are not illuminated.

3. In the places that light strikes the rotating drum, the energy of the photons kicks electrons away from the photoconductive atoms.

4. Opposites attract -- the positively charged ions coating the photoconductive layer attract the freed electrons. The marriage of one ion and one electron produces a neutral particle. Charged particles remain only in places where light didn't hit the drum because it wasn't reflected from the original -- the dark spaces taken up by text and pictures on the page!

This part of the process loosely resembles how a camera takes a picture. If you've read How Photographic Film Works, you know that when film is exposed to light, the energy of the photons causes chemical changes in the silver halide grains coating the film. This creates a negative image of what you see through the viewfinder. With a photocopier, however, you end up with a real image created from a pattern of positive charges left after exposure to light. And while you have to develop film using special chemical processes and print it on light-sensitive photographic paper, the photocopier produces a visible image with only dry ink, heat and regular paper.

5. Voltage is applied to the aluminum core of the drum. Since light renders selenium conductive, current can flow through the photoconductive layer while the drum is being illuminated, and the electrons released by the atoms are quickly replaced by the electrons that form the current flowing through the drum.

6. The exposed areas of the drum rotate past rollers encrusted with beads of toner. Tiny particles of toner are pressed against the drum's surface. The plastic-based toner particles have a negative charge and are attracted to areas of positive charges that remain on the drum's surface.

7. The corona wire passes over a sheet of paper so that the paper's surface becomes electrically charged.

8. The area of the drum freshly coated with toner spins into contact with a positively charged sheet of paper. The electric field surrounding the paper exerts a stronger pull than the ions coating the drum's surface, and the toner particles stick to the paper as the drum passes by.

9. Once the entire original has been recreated on toner in the page, the paper proceeds on through the copier to the fuser. The weak attraction between the toner particles and the surface of the sheet of paper can easily be disrupted. To fix the toner image in place on the paper's surface, the entire sheet is shunted through the fuser's heated rollers. The heat melts the plastic material in the toner and fuses the pigment to the page.

By the time you reach for your copy in the collection tray, the photocopier has already prepared for the next go-round by again cleaning off the drum's surface and applying a fresh coat of positively charged ions to it.

What is Web hosting..?

2009-07-31T23:55:00.000-07:00

Service scope

The scope of hosting services varies widely. The most basic is web page and small-scale file hosting, where files can be uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a Web interface. The files are usually delivered to the Web "as is" or with little processing. Many Internet service providers (ISPs) offer this service free to their subscribers. People can also obtain Web page hosting from other, alternative service providers. Personal web site hosting is typically free, advertisement-sponsored, or cheap. Business web site hosting often has a higher expense.

Single page hosting is generally sufficient only for personal web pages. A complex site calls for a more comprehensive package that provides database support and application development platforms (e.g. PHP, Java, Ruby on Rails, ColdFusion, and ASP.NET). These facilities allow the customers to write or install scripts for applications like forums and content management. For e-commerce, SSL is also highly recommended.

The host may also provide an interface or control panel for managing the Web server and installing scripts as well as other services like e-mail. Some hosts specialize in certain software or services (e.g. e-commerce). They are commonly used by larger companies to outsource network infrastructure to a hosting company.

Hosting uptime refers to the percentage of time the host is accessible via the internet. Many providers state that they aim for at least 99.9% uptime (roughly equivalent to 45 minutes of downtime a month, or less), but there may be server restarts and planned (or unplanned) maintenance in any hosting environment, which may or may not be considered part of the official uptime promise.

Many providers tie uptime and accessibility into their own service level agreement (SLA). SLAs sometimes include refunds or reduced costs if performance goals are not met.

Types of hosting

Internet hosting services can run Web servers; see Internet hosting services.

Hosting services limited to the Web:

Many large companies who are not internet service providers also need a computer permanently connected to the web so they can send email, files, etc. to other sites. They may also use the computer as a website host so they can provide details of their goods and services to anyone interested. Additionally these people may decide to place online orders.

* Free web hosting service: Free web hosting is offered by different companies with limited services, sometimes advertisement-supported web hosting, and is often limited when compared to paid hosting.

* Shared web hosting service: one's Web site is placed on the same server as many other sites, ranging from a few to hundreds or thousands. Typically, all domains may share a common pool of server resources, such as RAM and the CPU. The features available with this type of service can be quite extensive. A shared website may be hosted with a reseller.

* Reseller web hosting: allows clients to become web hosts themselves. Resellers could function, for individual domains, under any combination of these listed types of hosting, depending on who they are affiliated with as a provider. Resellers' accounts may vary tremendously in size: they may have their own virtual dedicated server to a collocated server. Many resellers provide a nearly identical service to their provider's shared hosting plan and provide the technical support themselves.

* Virtual Dedicated Server: also known as a Virtual Private Server (VPS for short) divides server resources into virtual servers, where resources can be allocated in a way that does not directly reflect the underlying hardware. VPS will often be allocated resources based on a one server to many VPSs relationship, however virtualisation may be done for a number of reasons, including the ability to move a VPS container between servers. The users may have root access to their own virtual space. This is also known as a virtual private server or VPS. Customers are sometimes responsible for patching and maintaining the server.

* Dedicated hosting service: the user gets his or her own Web server and gains full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, the user typically does not own the server. Another type of Dedicated hosting is Self-Managed or Unmanaged. This is usually the least expensive for Dedicated plans. The user has full administrative access to the box, which means the client is responsible for the security and maintenance of his own dedicated box.

* Managed hosting service: the user gets his or her own Web server but is not allowed full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, they are allowed to manage their data via FTP or other remote management tools. The user is disallowed full control so that the provider can guarantee quality of service by not allowing the user to modify the server or potentially create configuration problems. The user typically does not own the server. The server is leased to the client.

* Colocation web hosting service: similar to the dedicated web hosting service, but the user owns the colo server; the hosting company provides physical space that the server takes up and takes care of the server. This is the most powerful and expensive type of the web hosting service. In most cases, the colocation provider may provide little to no support directly for their client's machine, providing only the electrical, Internet access, and storage facilities for the server. In most cases for colo, the client would have his own administrator visit the data center on site to do any hardware upgrades or changes.

* Cloud hosting: is a new type of hosting platform that allows customers powerful, scalable and reliable hosting based on clustered load-balanced servers and utility billing. Removing single-point of failures and allowing customers to pay for only what they use versus what they could use.

* Clustered hosting: having multiple servers hosting the same content for better resource utilization. Clustered Servers are a perfect solution for high-availability dedicated hosting, or creating a scalable web hosting solution. A cluster may separate web serving from database hosting capability.

* Grid hosting: this form of distributed hosting is when a server cluster acts like a grid and is composed of multiple nodes.

* Home server: usually a single machine placed in a private residence can be used to host one or more web sites from a usually consumer-grade broadband connection. These can be purpose-built machines or more commonly old PCs. Some ISPs actively attempt to block home servers by disallowing incoming requests to TCP port 80 of the user's connection and by refusing to provide static IP addresses. A common way to attain a reliable DNS hostname is by creating an account with a dynamic DNS service. A dynamic DNS service will automatically change the IP address that a URL points to when the IP address changes.

Some specific types of hosting provided by web host service providers:

* File hosting service: hosts files, not web pages
* Image hosting service
* Video hosting service
* Blog hosting service
* One-click hosting
* Pastebin Hosts text snippets
* Shopping cart software

Obtaining hosting

Web hosting is often provided as part of a general Internet access plan; there are many free and paid providers offering these services.

A customer needs to evaluate the requirements of the application to choose what kind of hosting to use. Such considerations include database server software, scripting software, and operating system. Most hosting providers provide Linux-based web hosting which offers a wide range of different software. A typical configuration for a Linux server is the LAMP platform: Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP/Perl/Python. The webhosting client may want to have other services, such as email for their business domain, databases or multi-media services for streaming media. A customer may also choose Windows as the hosting platform. The customer still can choose from PHP, Perl, and Python but may also use ASP .Net or Classic ASP.

Web hosting packages often include a Web Content Management System, so the end-user doesn't have to worry about the more technical aspects. These Web Content Management systems are great for the average user, but for those who want more control over their website design, this feature may not be adequate.

Most modern desktop operating systems (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X) are also capable of running web server software, and thus can be used to host basic websites.

One may also search the Internet to find active webhosting message boards and forums that may provide feedback on what type of webhosting company may suit his/her needs. However some of these message boards and forums will require not only registration, but a paid subscription to be able to access the sections and sub forums with such information.

About Operating System (Starring Linux)

2009-07-28T08:00:00.000-07:00

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Operating systems are computer programs. An operating system is the first piece of software that the computer executes when you turn the machine on. The operating system loads itself into memory and begins managing the resources available on the computer. It then provides those resources to other applications that the user wants to execute. Typical services that an operating system provides include:

A task scheduler - The task scheduler is able to allocate the execution of the CPU to a number of different tasks. Some of those tasks are the different applications that the user is running, and some of them are operating system tasks. The task scheduler is the part of the operating system that lets you print a document from your word processor in one window while you are downloading a file in another window and recalculating a spreadsheet in a third window.
A memory manager - The memory manager controls the system's RAM and normally creates a larger virtual memory space using a file on the hard disk. (See also this Question of the Day.)
A disk manager - The disk manager creates and maintains the directories and files on the disk. When you request a file, the disk manager brings it in from the disk.
A network manager - The network manager controls all data moving between the computer and the network.
Other I/O services manager - The OS manages the keyboard, mouse, video display, printers, etc.
Security manager - The OS maintains the security of the information in the computer's files and controls who can access the computer.

An operating system normally also provides the default user interface for the system. The standard "look" of Windows 98 includes the Start button, the task bar, etc. The Mac OS provides a completely different look and feel for Macintosh computers.

Importance of Linux:

Linux is as much a phenomenon as it is an operating system. To understand why Linux has become so popular, it is helpful to know a little bit about its history. The first version of UNIX was originally developed several decades ago and was used primarily as a research operating system in universities. High-powered desktop workstations from companies like Sun proliferated in the 1980s, and they were all based on UNIX. A number of companies entered the workstation field to compete against Sun: HP, IBM, Silicon Graphics, Apollo, etc. Unfortunately, each one had its own version of UNIX and this made the sale of software difficult. Windows NT was Microsoft's answer to this marketplace. NT provides the same sort of features as UNIX operating systems -- security, support for multiple CPUs, large-scale memory and disk management, etc. -- but it does it in a way that is compatible with most Windows applications.

The entry of Microsoft into the high-end workstation arena created a strange dynamic. The proprietary operating systems owned by separate companies and the lack of a central authority in the UNIX world weaken UNIX, but many people have personal problems with Microsoft. Linux stepped into this odd landscape and captured a lot of attention.

The Linux kernel, created by Linus Torvalds, was made available to the world for free. Torvalds then invited others to add to the kernel provided that they keep their contributions free. Thousands of programmers began working to enhance Linux, and the operating system grew rapidly. Because it is free and runs on PC platforms, it gained a sizeable audience among hard-core developers very quickly. Linux has a dedicated following and appeals to several different kinds of people:

People who already know UNIX and want to run it on PC-type hardware
People who want to experiment with operating system principles
People who need or want a great deal of control over their operating system
People who have personal problems with Microsoft

In general, Linux is harder to manage than something like Windows, but offers more flexibility and configuration options.

Browse your friend computer from ur home

2009-07-16T08:29:00.000-07:00

Here are the images you can follow the instructions of installation.....

Click here to download

Vista shutdown timer(free)

2009-07-11T09:50:00.000-07:00

- Startup screen

- Main dialog

Shutdown timer started

- OSD (On Screen Display)

Shortcut wizzard

Creates shortcuts with selected parameters and Icons:

System tray menu (v. 1.5)

- Startup screen in the "classic - mode"*

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Info on speech recognition

2009-07-10T06:07:00.000-07:00

.

Small-vocabulary/many-users

These systems are ideal for automated telephone answering. The users can speak with a great deal of variation in accent and speech patterns, and the system will still understand them most of the time. However, usage is limited to a small number of predetermined commands and inputs, such as basic menu options or numbers.

Large-vocabulary/limited-users

These systems work best in a business environment where a small number of users will work with the program. While these systems work with a good degree of accuracy (85 percent or higher with an expert user) and have vocabularies in the tens of thousands, you must train them to work best with a small number of primary users. The accuracy rate will fall drastically with any other user.

Speech recognition systems made more than 10 years ago also faced a choice between discretecontinuous and speech. It is much easier for the program to understand words when we speak them separately, with a distinct pause between each one. However, most users prefer to speak in a normal, conversational speed. Almost all modern systems are capable of understanding continuous speech.

Speech to data:

To convert speech to on-screen text or a computer command, a computer has to go through several complex steps. When you speak, you create vibrations in the air. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) translates this analog wave into digital data that the computer can understand. To do this, it samples, or digitizes, the sound by taking precise measurements of the wave at frequent intervals. The system filters the digitized sound to remove unwanted noise, and sometimes to separate it into different bands of frequency (frequency is the wavelength of the sound waves, heard by humans as differences in pitch). It also normalizes the sound, or adjusts it to a constant volume level. It may also have to be temporally aligned. People don't always speak at the same speed, so the sound must be adjusted to match the speed of the template sound samples already stored in the system's memory.

Next the signal is divided into small segments as short as a few hundredths of a second, or even thousandths in the case of plosive consonant sounds -- consonant stops produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract -- like "p" or "t." The program then matches these segments to known phonemes in the appropriate language. A phoneme is the smallest element of a language -- a representation of the sounds we make and put together to form meaningful expressions. There are roughly 40 phonemes in the English language (different linguists have different opinions on the exact number), while other languages have more or fewer phonemes.

The next step seems simple, but it is actually the most difficult to accomplish and is the is focus of most speech recognition research. The program examines phonemes in the context of the other phonemes around them. It runs the contextual phoneme plot through a complex statistical model and compares them to a large library of known words, phrases and sentences. The program then determines what the user was probably saying and either outputs it as text or issues a computer command.

Speech Recognition and Statistical Modeling:

Early speech recognition systems tried to apply a set of grammatical and syntactical rules to speech. If the words spoken fit into a certain set of rules, the program could determine what the words were. However, human language has numerous exceptions to its own rules, even when it's spoken consistently. Accents, dialects and mannerisms can vastly change the way certain words or phrases are spoken. Imagine someone from Boston saying the word "barn." He wouldn't pronounce the "r" at all, and the word comes out rhyming with "John." Or consider the sentence, "I'm going to see the ocean." Most people don't enunciate their words very carefully. The result might come out as "I'm goin' da see tha ocean." They run several of the words together with no noticeable break, such as "I'm goin'" and "the ocean." Rules-based systems were unsuccessful because they couldn't handle these variations. This also explains why earlier systems could not handle continuous speech -- you had to speak each word separately, with a brief pause in between them.

Today's speech recognition systems use powerful and complicated statistical modeling systems. These systems use probability and mathematical functions to determine the most likely outcome. According to John Garofolo, Speech Group Manager at the Information Technology Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the two models that dominate the field today are the Hidden Markov Model and neural networks. These methods involve complex mathematical functions, but essentially, they take the information known to the system to figure out the information hidden from it.

The Hidden Markov Model is the most common, so we'll take a closer look at that process. In this model, each phoneme is like a link in a chain, and the completed chain is a word. However, the chain branches off in different directions as the program attempts to match the digital sound with the phoneme that's most likely to come next. During this process, the program assigns a probability score to each phoneme, based on its built-in dictionary and user training.

This process is even more complicated for phrases and sentences -- the system has to figure out where each word stops and starts. The classic example is the phrase "recognize speech," which sounds a lot like "wreck a nice beach" when you say it very quickly. The program has to analyze the phonemes using the phrase that came before it in order to get it right. Here's a breakdown of the two phrases:

r eh k ao g n ay z s p iy ch

"recognize speech"

r eh k ay n ay s b iy ch

"wreck a nice beach"

Why is this so complicated? If a program has a vocabulary of 60,000 words (common in today's programs), a sequence of three words could be any of 216 trillion possibilities. Obviously, even the most powerful computer can't search through all of them without some help.

That help comes in the form of program training. According to John Garofolo:

These statistical systems need lots of exemplary training data to reach their optimal performance -- sometimes on the order of thousands of hours of human-transcribed speech and hundreds of megabytes of text. These training data are used to create acoustic models of words, word lists, and [...] multi-word probability networks. There is some art into how one selects, compiles and prepares this training data for "digestion" by the system and how the system models are "tuned" to a particular application. These details can make the difference between a well-performing system and a poorly-performing system -- even when using the same basic algorithm.

While the software developers who set up the system's initial vocabulary perform much of this training, the end user must also spend some time training it. In a business setting, the primary users of the program must spend some time (sometimes as little as 10 minutes) speaking into the system to train it on their particular speech patterns. They must also train the system to recognize terms and acronyms particular to the company. Special editions of speech recognition programs for medical or legal offices have terms commonly used in those fields already trained into them.

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Working Of CRT..

2009-06-26T00:30:00.000-07:00

Continue...

CRT Features and Attributes

To evaluate the specifications of CRT monitors, here are a few more things you need to know:

Shadow-mask

A shadow mask is a thin metal screen filled with very small holes. Three electron beams pass through the holes to focus on a single point on a CRT displays' phosphor surface. The shadow mask helps to control the electron beams so that the beams strike the correct phosphor at just the right intensity to create the desired colors and image on the display. The unwanted beams are blocked or "shadowed."

Aperture-grill

Monitors based on the Trinitron technology, which was pioneered by Sony, use an aperture-grill instead of a shadow-mask type of tube. The aperture grill consists of tiny vertical wires. Electron beams pass through the aperture grill to illuminate the phosphor on the faceplate. Most aperture-grill monitors have a flat faceplate and tend to represent a less distorted image over the entire surface of the display than the curved faceplate of a shadow-mask CRT. However, aperture-grill displays are normally more expensive.

Slot-mask

A less-common type of CRT display, a slot-mask tube uses a combination of the shadow-mask and aperture-grill technologies. Rather than the round perforations found in shadow-mask CRT displays, a slot-mask display uses vertically aligned slots. The design creates more brightness through increased electron transmissions combined with the arrangement of the phosphor dots.

Dot pitch

Dot pitch is an indicator of the sharpness of the displayed image. It is measured in millimeters (mm), and a smaller number means a sharper image. How you measure the dot pitch depends on the technology used:

* In a shadow-mask CRT monitor, you measure dot pitch as the diagonal distance between two like-colored phosphors. Some manufacturers may also cite a horizontal dot pitch, which is the distance between two-like colored phosphors horizontally.

* The dot pitch of an aperture-grill monitor is measured by the horizontal distance between two like-colored phosphors. It is also sometimes are called stripe pitch.

The smaller and closer the dots are to one another, the more realistic and detailed the picture appears. When the dots are farther apart, they become noticeable and make the image look grainier. Unfortunately, manufacturers are not always upfront about dot pitch measurements, and you cannot necessarily compare shadow-mask and aperture-grill CRT types, due to the difference in horizontal and vertical measurements.

The dot pitch translates directly to the resolution on the screen. If you were to put a ruler up to the glass and measure an inch, you would see a certain number of dots, depending on the dot pitch. Here is a table that shows the number of dots per square centimeter and per square inch in each of these common dot pitches:

Dot Pitch	Approx. number of pixels/cm²	Approx. number of pixels/in²
.25 mm	1,600	10,000
.26 mm	1,444	9,025
.27 mm	1,369	8,556
.28 mm	1,225	7,656
.31 mm	1,024	6,400
.51 mm	361	2,256
1 mm	100	625

Refresh Rate

In monitors based on CRT technology, the refresh rate is the number of times that the image on the display is drawn each second. If your CRT monitor has a refresh rate of 72 Hertz (Hz), then it cycles through all the pixels from top to bottom 72 times a second. Refresh rates are very important because they control flicker, and you want the refresh rate as high as possible. Too few cycles per second and you will notice a flickering, which can lead to headaches and eye strain.

Because your monitor's refresh rate depends on the number of rows it has to scan, it limits the maximum possible resolution. Most monitors support multiple refresh rates. Keep in mind that there is a tradeoff between flicker and resolution, and then pick what works best for you. This is especially important with larger monitors where flicker is more noticeable. Recommendations for refresh rate and resolution include 1280x1024 at 85 Hertz or 1600x1200 at 75 Hertz.

Multiple Resolutions

Because a CRT uses electron beams to create images on a phosphor screen, it supports the resolution that matches its physical dot (pixel) size as well as several lesser resolutions. For example, a display with a physical grid of 1280 rows by 1024 columns can obviously support a maximum resolution of 1280x1024 pixels. It also supports lower resolutions such as 1024x768, 800x600, and 640x480. As noted previously, an LCD monitor works well only at its native
resolution.

LCDs vs. CRTs

If you are looking for a new display, you should consider the differences between CRT and LCD monitors. Choose the type of monitor that best serves your specific needs, the typical applications you use, and your budget.

Advantages of LCD Monitors

Require less power - Power consumption varies greatly with different technologies. CRT displays are somewhat power-hungry, at about 100 watts for a typical 19-inch display. The average is about 45 watts for a 19-inch LCD display. LCDs also produce less heat.
Smaller and weigh less - An LCD monitor is significantly thinner and lighter than a CRT monitor, typically weighing less than half as much. In addition, you can mount an LCD on an arm or a wall, which also takes up less desktop space.
More adjustable - LCD displays are much more adjustable than CRT displays. With LCDs, you can adjust the tilt, height, swivel, and orientation from horizontal to vertical mode. As noted previously, you can also mount them on the wall or on an arm.
Less eye strain - Because LCD displays turn each pixel off individually, they do not produce a flicker like CRT displays do. In addition, LCD displays do a better job of displaying text compared with CRT displays.

Advantages of CRT Monitors

Less expensive - Although LCD monitor prices have decreased, comparable CRT displays still cost less.
Better color representation - CRT displays have historically represented colors and different gradations of color more accurately than LCD displays. However, LCD displays are gaining ground in this area, especially with higher-end models that include color-calibration technology.
More responsive - Historically, CRT monitors have had fewer problems with ghosting and blurring because they redrew the screen image faster than LCD monitors. Again, LCD manufacturers are improving on this with displays that have faster response times than they did in the past.
Multiple resolutions - If you need to change your display's resolution for different applications, you are better off with a CRT monitor because LCD monitors don't handle multiple resolutions as well.
More rugged - Although they are bigger and heavier than LCD displays, CRT displays are also less fragile and harder to damage.

So now that you know about LCD and CRT monitors, monitors at once. They say, "Two heads ." May be the same is true of monitors! You can use as your Requirements, as the technology Increases to Produce Comfortableness...

INTEL 8085 Microprocessor

2009-06-24T08:24:00.000-07:00

INTEL 8085:

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1977. It was binary-compatible with the more-famous Intel 8080 but required less supporting hardware, thus allowing simpler and less expensive microcomputer systems to be built.

The "5" in the model number came from the fact that the 8085 required only a +5-volt (V) power supply rather than the +5V, -5V and +12V supplies the 8080 needed. Both processors were sometimes used in computers running the CP/M operating system, and the 8085 later saw use as a microcontroller (much by virtue of its component count reducing feature). Both designs were eclipsed for desktop computers by the compatible but more capable Zilog Z80, which took over most of the CP/M computer market as well as taking a large share of the booming home computer market in the early-to-mid-1980s.

INTEL 8085 Mp

The 8085 had a very long life as a controller. Once designed into such products as the DECtape controller and the VT100 video terminal in the late 1970s, it continued to serve for new production throughout the life span of those products (generally many times longer than the new manufacture lifespan of desktop computers).

Basic Architecture Of INTEL 8085 Microprocessor

Description:

The 8085 is a conventional von Neumann design based on the Intel 8080. Unlike the 8080 it had no state signals multiplexed onto the data bus, but the 8-bit data bus was instead multiplexed with the lower part of the 16-bit address bus (in order to limit the number of pins to 40). The processor was designed using nMOS circuitry and the later "H" versions were implemented in Intel's enhanced nMOS process called HMOS, originally developed for fast static RAM products. The 8085 used approximately 6,500 transistors[1].

The 8085 incorporated the functionality of the 8224 (clock generator) and the 8228 (system controller), increasing the level of integration. A downside compared to similar contemporary designs (such as the Z80) was the fact that the buses required demultiplexing, however, address latches in the Intel 8155, 8355, and 8755 memory chips allowed a direct interface, so an 8085 along with these chips was almost a complete system.

The 8085 had extensions to support new interrupts: It had three maskable interrupts (RST 7.5, RST 6.5 and RST 5.5), one Non-Maskable interrupt (TRAP), and one externally serviced interrupt (INTR). The RST n.5 interrupts refer to actual pins on the processor-a feature which permitted simple systems to avoid the cost of a separate interrupt controller.

Like the 8080, the 8085 could accommodate slower memories through externally generated wait states (pin 35, READY), and had provisions for Direct Memory Access (DMA) using HOLD and HLDA signals (pins 39 and 38). An improvement over the 8080 was that the 8085 can itself drive a piezoelectric crystal directly connected to it, and a built in clock generator generates the internal high amplitude two-phase clock signals at half the crystal frequency (a 6.14 MHz crystal would yield a 3.07 MHz clock for instance).

Programming Model:

With a slighly higher integration and a single 5V power (using depletion mode load nMOS), the 8085 was a binary compatible follow up on the 8080, the successor to the original Intel 8008. The 8080 and 8085 used the same basic instruction set as the 8008 (developed by Computer Terminal Corporation) and they were source code compatible with their predecessor. However, the 8080 added several useful and handy 16-bit operations above the 8008 instruction set, while the 8085 added only a few relatively minor instructions above the 8080 set.

Registers:

The processor had seven 8-bit registers, (A, B, C, D, E, H, and L) where A was the 8-bit accumulator and the other six could be used as either byte-registers or as three 16-bit register pairs (BC, DE, HL) depending on the particular instruction. Some instructions also enabled HL to be used as (a limited) 16-bit accumulator. It also had a 16-bit stack pointer to memory (replacing the 8008's internal stack), and a 16-bit program counter.

Commands/instructions

Like in many other 8-bit processors, all instructions were encoded in a single byte (including register-numbers, but excluding immediate data), for simplicity. Some of them were followed by one or two bytes of data, which could be an immediate operand, a memory address, or a port number. Like larger processors, it had automatic CALL and RET instructions for multi-level procedure calls and returns (which could even be conditionally executed, like jumps) and instructions to save and restore any 16-bit register-pair on the machine stack. There were also eight one-byte call instructions (RST) for subroutines located at the fixed addresses 00h, 08h, 10h,...,38h. These were intended to be supplied by external hardware in order to invoke a corresponding interrupt-service routine, but were also often employed as fast system calls. The most sophisticated command was XTHL, which was used for exchanging the register pair HL with the value stored at the address indicated by the stack pointer.

8-bit instructions

Most 8-bit operations could only be performed on the 8-bit accumulator (the A register). For dyadic 8-bit operations, the other operand could be either an immediate value, another 8-bit register, or a memory cell addressed by the 16-bit register pair HL. Direct copying was supported between any two 8-bit registers and between any 8-bit register and a HL-addressed memory cell. Due to the regular encoding of the MOV-instruction (using a quarter of available opcode space) there were redundant codes to copy a register into itself (MOV B,B, for instance), which was of little use, except for delays. However, what would have been a copy from the HL-addressed cell into itself (i.e., MOV M,M) was instead used to encode the HLT instruction (halting execution until an external reset or interrupt).

16-bit operations

Although the 8085 was generally an 8-bit processor, it also had limited abilities to perform 16-bit operations: Any of the three 16-bit register pairs (BC, DE, HL) or SP could be loaded with an immediate 16-bit value (using LXI), incremented or decremented (using INX and DCX), or added to HL (using DAD). The XCHG operation exchanged the values of HL and DE. By adding HL to itself, it was possible to achieve the same result as a 16-bit arithmetical left shift with one instruction. The only 16 bit instructions that affect any flag is DAD, which sets the CY (carry) flag in order to allow for programmed 24-bit or 32-bit arithmetics (or larger), needed to implement floating point arithmetics, for instance.

Input/output scheme

The 8085 supported up to 256 input/output (I/O) ports, accessed via dedicated I/O instructions—taking port addresses as operands. This I/O mapping scheme was regarded as an advantage, as it freed up the processor's limited address space. Many CPU architectures instead use a common address space without the need for dedicated I/O instructions, although a drawback in such designs may be that special hardware must be used to insert wait states as peripherals are often slower than memory. However, in some simple 8080 computers, I/O was indeed addressed as if they were memory cells, "memory mapped", leaving the I/O commands unused. I/O addressing could also sometimes employ the fact that the processor would output the same 8-bit port address to both the lower and the higher address byte (i.e. IN 05h would put the address 0505h on the 16-bit address bus). Similar I/O-port schemes were used in the 8080-compatible Zilog Z80 as well as the closely related x86 families of microprocessors.The indian famous hardware engineer Sushil Bhan developed the concept of I/O ports in zilog family

Development system

Intel produced a series of development systems for the 8080 and 8085, known as the Personal Development System. The original PDS was a large box (in the Intel corporate blue colour) which included a CPU and monitor, and used 8 inch floppy disks. It ran the ISIS operating system and could also operate an emulator pod and EPROM programmer. The later iPDS was a much more portable unit featuring a small green screen and a 5¼ inch floppy disk drive, and ran the ISIS-II operating system. It could also accept a second 8085 processor, allowing a limited form of multi-processor operation where both CPUs shared the screen, keyboard and floppy disk drive. In addition to an 8080/8085 assembler, Intel produced a number of compilers including PL/M-80 and Pascal languages, and a set of tools for linking and statically locating programs to enable them to be burnt into EPROMs and used in embedded systems. The hardware support changes were announced and supported, but the software upgrades were not supported by the assembler, user manual or any other means. At times it was claimed they were not tested when that was false.

Applications

For the extensive use of 8085 in various applications,the microprocessor is provided with an instruction set which consists of various instructions such as MOV, ADD, SUB, JMP etc. These instructions are written in the form of a program which is used to perform various operations such as branching, addition, subtraction, bitwise logical and bit shift operations. More complex operations and other arithmetic operations must be implemented in software. For example, multiplication is implemented using a multiplication algorithm.

The 8085 processor has found marginal use in small scale computers up to the 21st century. The TRS-80 Model 100 line uses a 80C85. The CMOS version 80C85 of the NMOS/HMOS 8085 processor has/had several manufacturers, and some versions (eg. Tundra Semiconductor Corporation's CA80C85B) have additional functionality, eg. extra machine code instructions. One niche application for the rad-hard version of the 8085 has been in on-board instrument data processors for several NASA and ESA space physics missions in the 1990s and early 2000s, including CRRES, Polar, FAST, Cluster, HESSI, Sojourner (rover), and THEMIS. The Swiss company SAIA used the 8085 and the 8085-2 as the CPUs of their PCA1 line of programmable logic controllers during the 1980s.

What is a Microprocessor ? [Deep Explanation]

2009-06-24T07:43:00.000-07:00

First types:

Three projects arguably delivered a complete microprocessor at about the same time, namely Intel's 4004, the Texas Instruments (TI) TMS 1000, and Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer (CADC).

Intel's 4004 is considered the first microprocesor. This first microprocessor cost in the thousands of dollars. The first known advertisement for the 4004 is dated back to November 1971; it appeared in Electronic News. The project that produced Intel's first known microprocessor originated in 1969, when Busicom, a Japanese calculator manufacturer, asked Intel to build a chip set for high-performance desktop calculators. Busicom's original design called for a dozen different logic and memory chips. Ted Hoff, the Intel engineer assigned to the project, believed the design was not cost effective. His solution was to simplify the design and produce a programmable processor capable of creating a set of complex special-purpose calculator chips. Together with Masatoshi Shima and Federico Faggin, later the founder of Zilog, Hoff came up with a four-chip design; a ROM for custom application programs, a RAM for processing data, an I/O device, and an unnamed 4-bit central processing unit which would become known as a "microprocessor."

The Smithsonian Institution says TI engineers Gary Boone and Michael Cochran succeeded in creating the first microcontroller (also called a microcomputer) in 1971. The result of their work was the TMS 1000 which went commercial in 1974. Ray Holt, a graduate of California Polytechnical University in 1968, began his computer design career with the F14 CADC.

The central air data computer was shrouded in secrecy for over 30 years from its creation (the year being 1968), it was not publicly known until 1998 at which time, at the request of Mr. Ray Holt, the US Navy allowed the documents into the public domain. Since then many debates have argued that this was, in fact, the first microprocessor. The scientific papers and literature published around 1971 reveal that the MP944 digital processor used for the F-14 Tomcat aircraft of the US Navy qualifies as the “first microprocessor”. Although interesting, it was not a single-chip processor, and was not general purpose – it was more like a set of parallel building blocks you could use to make a special-purpose DSP form. It indicates that today’s industry theme of converging DSP-microcontroller architectures was started in 1971. This convergence of DSP and microcontroller architectures is know as a Digital Signal Controller

In 1968, Garrett AiResearch, with designer Ray Holt and Steve Geller, were invited to produce a digital computer to compete with electromechanical systems then under development for the main flight control computer in the US Navy's new F-14 Tomcat fighter. The design was complete by 1970, and used a MOS-based chipset as the core CPU. The design was significantly (approximately 20 times) smaller and much more reliable than the mechanical systems it competed against, and was used in all of the early Tomcat models. This system contained a "a 20-bit, pipelined, parallel multi-microprocessor". However, the system was considered so advanced that the Navy refused to allow publication of the design until 1997. For this reason the CADC, and the MP944 chipset it used, are fairly unknown even today. (see First Microprocessor Chip Set.) TI developed the 4-bit TMS 1000, and stressed pre-programmed embedded applications, introducing a version called the TMS1802NC on September 17, 1971, which implemented a calculator on a chip. The Intel chip was the 4-bit 4004, released on November 15, 1971, developed by Federico Faggin and Ted Hoff. The manager of the design team was Leslie L. Vadász.
[The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III to the Pentium 4. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times faster!]

The following table helps you to understand the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years.

Name	Date	Transistors	Microns	Clock speed	Data width	MIPS
8080	1974	6,000	6	2 MHz	8 bits	0.64
8088	1979	29,000	3	5 MHz	16 bits 8-bit bus	0.33
80286	1982	134,000	1.5	6 MHz	16 bits	1
80386	1985	275,000	1.5	16 MHz	32 bits	5
80486	1989	1,200,000	1	25 MHz	32 bits	20
Pentium	1993	3,100,000	0.8	60 MHz	32 bits 64-bit bus	100
Pentium II	1997	7,500,000	0.35	233 MHz	32 bits 64-bit bus	~300
Pentium III	1999	9,500,000	0.25	450 MHz	32 bits 64-bit bus	~510
Pentium 4	2000	42,000,000	0.18	1.5 GHz	32 bits 64-bit bus	~1,700
Pentium 4 "Prescott"	2004	125,000,000	0.09	3.6 GHz	32 bits 64-bit bus	~7,000

---->The date is the year that the processor was first introduced. Many processors are re-introduced at higher clock speeds for many years after the original release date.# Transistors is the number of transistors on the chip. You can see that the number of transistors on a single chip has risen steadily over the years.
----> Microns is the width, in microns, of the smallest wire on the chip. For comparison, a human hair is 100 microns thick. As the feature size on the chip goes down, the number of transistors rises.
----> Clock speed is the maximum rate that the chip can be clocked at. Clock speed will make more sense in the next section.
----> Data Width is the width of the ALU. An 8-bit ALU can add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can manipulate 32-bit numbers. An 8-bit ALU would have to execute four instructions to add two 32-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can do it in one instruction. In many cases, the external data bus is the same width as the ALU, but not always. The 8088 had a 16-bit ALU and an 8-bit bus, while the modern Pentiums fetch data 64 bits at a time for their 32-bit ALUs.
----> MIPS stands for "millions of instructions per second" and is a rough measure of the performance of a CPU. Modern CPUs can do so many different things that MIPS ratings lose a lot of their meaning, but you can get a general sense of the relative power of the CPUs from this column.

This is about as simple as a microprocessor gets. This microprocessor has:

An address bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that sends an address to memory
A data bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that can send data to memory or receive data from memory
An RD (read) and WR (write) line to tell the memory whether it wants to set or get the addressed location
A clock line that lets a clock pulse sequence the processor
A reset line that resets the program counter to zero (or whatever) and restarts execution

General purpose

In April 1974, Intel introduced the 8-bit 8080, the first general-purpose microprocessor. With the ability to execute 290,000 instructions per second and 64K bytes of addressable memory, the 8080 was the first microprocessor with the speed, power, and efficiency to become a key tool for designers. Development labs set up by Hamilton/Avnet, Intel's first microprocessor distributor, showcased the 8080 and provided a broad customer base which contributed to its becoming the industry standard. A key factor in the 8080's success was its role in the introduction in January 1975 of the MITS Altair 8800, the first personal computer. It used the powerful 8080 microprocessor and established the precedent that personal computers must be easy to expand. With its increased sophistication, expandability, and an incredibly low price of $395, the Altair 8800 proved the viability of home computers.

TI filed for the patent on the microprocessor. Gary Boone was awarded U.S. Patent 3,757,306 for the single-chip microprocessor architecture on September 4, 1973. It may never be known which company actually had the first working microprocessor running on the lab bench. In both 1971 and 1976, Intel and TI entered into broad patent cross-licensing agreements, with Intel paying royalties to TI for the microprocessor patent. A nice history of these events is contained in court documentation from a legal dispute between Cyrix and Intel, with TI as intervenor and owner of the microprocessor patent.

Interestingly, a third party (Gilbert Hyatt) was awarded a patent which might cover the "microprocessor". See a webpage claiming an invention pre-dating both TI and Intel, describing a "microcontroller". According to a rebuttal and a commentary, the patent was later invalidated, but not before substantial royalties were paid out.

A computer-on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor which combines the microprocessor core (CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip.It is also called as micro-controller. The computer-on-a-chip patent, called the "microcomputer patent" at the time, U.S. Patent 4,074,351, was awarded to Gary Boone and Michael J. Cochran of TI. Aside from this patent, the standard meaning of microcomputer is a computer using one or more microprocessors as its CPU(s), while the concept defined in the patent is perhaps more akin to a microcontroller.

According to A History of Modern Computing, (MIT Press), pp. 220–21, Intel entered into a contract with Computer Terminals Corporation, later called Datapoint, of San Antonio TX, for a chip for a terminal they were designing. Datapoint later decided not to use the chip, and Intel marketed it as the 8008 in April, 1972. This was the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. It was the basis for the famous "Mark-8" computer kit advertised in the magazine Radio-Electronics in 1974. The 8008 and its successor, the world-famous 8080, opened up the microprocessor component marketplace.

Notable 8-bit designs

The 4004 was later followed in 1972 by the 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. These processors are the precursors to the very successful Intel 8080 (1974), Zilog Z80 (1976), and derivative Intel 8-bit processors. The competing Motorola 6800 was released August 1974 and the similar MOS Technology 6502 in 1975 (designed largely by the same people). The 6502 rivaled the Z80 in popularity during the 1980s.

A low overall cost, small packaging, simple computer bus requirements, and sometimes circuitry otherwise provided by external hardware (the Z80 had a built in memory refresh) allowed the home computer "revolution" to accelerate sharply in the early 1980s, eventually delivering such inexpensive machines as the Sinclair ZX-81, which sold for US$99.

16-bit designs

The first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor was the National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973. An 8-bit version of the chipset was introduced in 1974 as the IMP-8. During the same year, National introduced the first 16-bit single-chip microprocessor, the National Semiconductor PACE, which was later followed by an NMOS version, the INS8900.

Other early multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors include one used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the LSI-11 OEM board set and the packaged PDP 11/03 minicomputer, and the Fairchild Semiconductor MicroFlame 9440, both of which were introduced in the 1975 to 1976 timeframe.

The first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor was TI's TMS 9900, which was also compatible with their TI-990 line of minicomputers. The 9900 was used in the TI 990/4 minicomputer, the TI-99/4A home computer, and the TM990 line of OEM microcomputer boards. The chip was packaged in a large ceramic 64-pin DIP package, while most 8-bit microprocessors such as the Intel 8080 used the more common, smaller, and less expensive plastic 40-pin DIP. A follow-on chip, the TMS 9980, was designed to compete with the Intel 8080, had the full TI 990 16-bit instruction set, used a plastic 40-pin package, moved data 8 bits at a time, but could only address 16 KB. A third chip, the TMS 9995, was a new design. The family later expanded to include the 99105 and 99110.

32-bit designs

16-bit designs were in the markets only briefly when full 32-bit implementations started to appear.

The most significant of the 32-bit designs is the MC68000, introduced in 1979. The 68K, as it was widely known, had 32-bit registers but used 16-bit internal data paths, and a 16-bit external data bus to reduce pin count, and supported only 24-bit addresses. Motorola generally described it as a 16-bit processor, though it clearly has 32-bit architecture. The combination of high performance, large (16 megabytes (2^24)) memory space and fairly low costs made it the most popular CPU design of its class. The Apple Lisa and Macintosh designs made use of the 68000, as did a host of other designs in the mid-1980s, including the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga.

The world's first single-chip fully-32-bit microprocessor, with 32-bit data paths, 32-bit buses, and 32-bit addresses, was the AT&T Bell Labs BELLMAC-32A, with first samples in 1980, and general production in 1982 (See this bibliographic reference and this general reference). After the divestiture of AT&T in 1984, it was renamed the WE 32000 (WE for Western Electric), and had two follow-on generations, the WE 32100 and WE 32200. These microprocessors were used in the AT&T 3B5 and 3B15 minicomputers; in the 3B2, the world's first desktop supermicrocomputer; in the "Companion", the world's first 32-bit laptop computer; and in "Alexander", the world's first book-sized supermicrocomputer, featuring ROM-pack memory cartridges similar to today's gaming consoles. All these systems ran the UNIX System V operating system.

Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor was the iAPX 432, which was introduced in 1981 but was not a commercial success. It had an advanced capability-based object-oriented architecture, but poor performance compared to other competing architectures such as the Motorola 68000.

64-bit designs in personal computers

While 64-bit microprocessor designs have been in use in several markets since the early 1990s, the early 2000s saw the introduction of 64-bit microchips targeted at the PC market.

With AMD's introduction of a 64-bit architecture backwards-compatible with x86, x86-64 (now called AMD64), in September 2003, followed by Intel's near fully compatible 64-bit extensions (first called IA-32e or EM64T, later renamed Intel 64), the 64-bit desktop era began. Both versions can run 32-bit legacy applications without any performance penalty as well as new 64-bit software. With operating systems Windows XP x64, Windows Vista x64, Linux, BSD and Mac OS X that run 64-bit native, the software is also geared to fully utilize the capabilities of such processors. The move to 64 bits is more than just an increase in register size from the IA-32 as it also doubles the number of general-purpose registers.

The move to 64 bits by PowerPC processors had been intended since the processors' design in the early 90s and was not a major cause of incompatibility. Existing integer registers are extended as are all related data pathways, but, as was the case with IA-32, both floating point and vector units had been operating at or above 64 bits for several years. Unlike what happened when IA-32 was extended to x86-64, no new general purpose registers were added in 64-bit PowerPC, so any performance gained when using the 64-bit mode for applications making no use of the larger address space is minimal.

SEE :

INTEL 8085 Mp

INTEL 8086 MP

515 Tutorials in one pack. U Never Wanna Miss That

2009-06-20T05:40:00.000-07:00

List Of Tutorials :

#DataVault, Irc Warez (Ty 4 Moving X).txt
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10 Security Enhancements.txt
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23 Ways To Speed WinXP, Not only Defrag.txt
250+ Tech books online.txt
36 Graphics & Design Ebooks.txt
8 People Can Use The Same Msn Dial Up Account.txt
A Basic Guide to the Internet.txt
A very small tut for RealMedia.txt
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All About Movie Tags (what Is A Dvdrip, Cam Etc.).txt
ALL About Spyware.txt
All mIRC Commands.txt
Anonymity of Proxy, Anonymity Of Proxy learn it insideout.txt
Anonymity.txt
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Auto End Tasks to Enable a Proper Shutdown, Win XP Tweak.txt
Automatic Windows Installation, No keypress required!.txt
B.A. regedit.txt
Backtracking EMAIL Messages.txt
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Beep Code Manual.txt
Beep Codes Error Codes.txt
Best Keyboard Shortcuts.txt
Big Brother And Ndisuio.sys, A new Internet phenomenon.txt
Bin & Cue Simple Tut.txt
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Block Adservers.txt
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Bulk Editing Of .xxx to .zip or .mp3.txt
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Burning Bin & Cue Using Nero.txt
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Calculating Offsets.txt
cannot use my password to get back into Windows XP.txt
Cant See Secure Sites.txt
Caught A Virus.txt
Change Music In The Malibu And The Pole Position, GTA Vice Modders.txt
Change Text on XP Start Button.rtf
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Change Your Ip In Less Then 1 Minute.txt
Changing Default Location For Installing Apps.txt
Check For Dos, Check to see if you are infected..txt
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Clear Unwanted Items From Add And Remove.txt
Closing Open Holes, System Security How to close open holes.txt
CMD Prompt here, add to folder context menu windows xp.txt
COMMON FTP ERROR CODES.txt
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Converting Movies To Psp Format.txt
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COPY X BOX GAMES!.txt
Cracking Bios, use the followin' code.txt
Cracking Zip Password Files.txt
Crap Software Config Settings, How to set-up the firewall.txt
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Data Capacity of CDs [Tutorial].txt
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Direct Link To Any Page You Want To In Hotmail.txt
Directx Explained.txt
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Download From Ftpz, Using Ftp Search Sitez.txt
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Downloading Files, Using Archives And Images.txt
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Driverguide.com.txt
Dual Boot After The Fact.txt
Dvd Copying-ripping Definitions.txt
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Dvd-9 to Dvd+r Dl, Double Layer To Double Layer, 1-1 copies.txt
Easily Disconnect-reconnect From Broadband.txt
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Ebay Hackcracktip.txt
Eliminate Ie's Autocomplete Reminder.txt
Email Forge, sends email from anyone.txt
Enable Folder and Icon Refresh, Win XP Tweak.txt
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Evolution Of Computer Viruses History Of Viruses.txt
Excellent tricks and techniques of Google Hacks.txt
Exploseek, a simple tool to find music on the net.txt
Find Stuff.txt
Finding Missing Files From A Release.txt
Firefox Speed Tweaks.txt
Firefox Tweaks.txt
FlashFXP FAQ.txt
Flashget Broadband Tweak.txt
FLASHGET INTEGRATION IN OPERA,MOZILLA,NETSCAPE.txt
FlashGet v1.4 - More Download Simultaneously.txt
Flashing A Video Card Bios [advanced Guide], Step-by-Step Guide for Novice and Expert.txt
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General Keyboard Shortcuts, General Keyboard Shortcuts.txt
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Google Crack Search.txt
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How To Add A Url Address Bar To The Taskbar.txt
How To Add An Option To Print, the Contents of a Folder!.txt
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How To Remove The Default Admin$ Shares.txt
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How To Rename Extensions With Ease, with a Renamer.bat file!.txt
How to Rename File Extensions.txt
How To Rename Multiple Files In Winxp.txt
How To Restrict Login Hours Allowed.txt
How to safeguard your files when computer crashes.txt
How to save Windows xp updates.txt
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How To See Hidden Files, Using Dos.txt
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How to set up a http server running from you computer.txt
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How To Set Up Direct Connect.txt
HOW TO SET UP FTP SERVER.txt
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How To Set Zone Alarm Settings!, Fix for ZA ports.txt
How To Setup Your Own Dns (Domain Name Server).txt
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How To Speed Up Http Requests On Internet Explorer, as above.txt
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How To Unload Cached Dll Files To Free Memory.txt
How to Use and How to Chain Multiple Proxies!.txt
How To Use File Compression In Windows Xp.txt
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How To Use Newsgroups.txt
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Important Faqs For Sp2.txt
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Increase XP Folder Settings.txt
Insert Your Serial For Office 2k, auto install office.txt
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Instructions For Removal Of Advertising In Msn Messenger.txt
Ip Address Structure, Expilinatin OF IP Address {A short way}.txt
Irc How To Downlaod From, How to downlaod from IRC.txt
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Keyboard Shortcuts, Micr@soft Word.txt
Keyboard Shortcuts, must read.txt
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Lamination Tips, Its a Fast TUT......txt
Leet Way To Get Your Ip In Windows Xp.txt
Linking Your Xbox To Your Computer.txt
Linux Howto's.txt
List Of Sites Not To Go To.txt
Little help for anonymous mailer.txt
Lots Of Windows Xp Tips, Take A Look !.txt
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Making Web Page Fonts Consistent and Uniform.txt
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Micr@soft's Really Hidden Files, Reveled Hidden files.txt
mIRC Not Just Another Chat Client, Download Anything You Want Almost.txt
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New Way To Relive Some Zinio File.txt
news groups the how to do.txt
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Rapidshare hack!!!!! Free premium acount for all.txt
Rapidshare Hacked, unlimited upload, no countdown.txt
Rapidshare Timelimit.txt
Read This! Av Compare!.txt
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Reformat&Reinstall.txt
Regedit.exe
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Release Codes, Read, and Learn....txt
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Restore JPG,JPEG,JPE Default File associations, Win XP Tweak.txt
REVERSE CODING.txt
Run Aol Without Using Aol Browser & Save Resources, connect permanently and use any browser.txt
Running A Board forum From Your Own Pc.txt
Running Vanishing Console Programs With A Click!, Ever had a console program that vanis....txt
Safely Editing the Registry....txt
Save Your Desktop Icon Settings.txt
Saving and loading Photoshop actions.txt
Scheduled Tasks - Defrag, how to set up scheduled defrags.txt
ScreenLock Professional v2.0.41.txt
SEARCH eBOOK in FTP SEARCH ENGINE.txt
Search For Ebook Server With Google.com.txt
Search like a real warez d00dz, for warez of course!.txt
Searching For Something To Download, This may help.txt
Secret Backdoor To Many Websites.txt
Secrets Of Lock Picking.txt
Securing WinXP Pro (with what win-xp has to offer.txt
Securing your WINDOWS XP computer.txt
Set Google as your Default Search in IE.txt
Set Win Explorer to open the folder you want!, Little trick.txt
sick of inserting winxp cd every time your pc asks, Change Default Location of i386 Folder.txt
sidebar fix.txt
Simple Tweaks For Peak Pc Graphics Performance.txt
Single Click Shutdown.txt
Single-click To Open An Item..., IF the Folder Options is grayed out.txt
Slow Loggon Time, one fix for problem.txt
Slow Opening Of File Dialogs.txt
Some Cool Site For Tutorials.txt
Some Google Tricks, again.txt
Some More Tips To Improve Your Winxp.txt
Sp2 For Xp Slipstream, Integrate SP2 into your XP CD.txt
Sp2 Tweaks.txt
Speed Up Internet.txt
Speed up menu display.txt
Speed up Mozilla FireFox.txt
Speed Up Your Bandwidth By 20% !, Windows uses 20% of your bandwidth.txt
Speeding up menus in XP.txt
Spoofing emails, via telenet.txt
Standard ASCII Character Set.txt
Steps to Clean Install XP.txt
Stop A Restart Process In 3steps.txt
Stop Annoying Pop-ups Without Pop-up Blockersoutli.txt
System Changes To Foil Hackers And Browser Hijacke.txt
System File Checker For Windows Xp.txt
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Testing Wattage Consumption Of Your Computer, Measuring your computer's wattage.txt
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Tips And Tricks, Windows XP.txt
Tired Of Reinstalling Windows.txt
To Get And Show The Ip Via Javascript.txt
Top 5 Myths About Safe Surfing, PC Magazine.txt
Transferring Data.txt
Translating Binary To Text.txt
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Trojan Ports.txt
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Turn Off Unneeded Services, speed up pc.txt
Tutorial Get the serial number you need.txt
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Ultimate Google Way.txt
ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BYPASS BIOS PASSWORDS!.txt
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Uninstalling Norton 2004 Products.txt
Unlimited Rapidshare Downloads.txt
Untold Window Tips.txt
Untold Windows Secrets.txt
Untold Windows Tips.txt
Unused space on hard drives recovered.txt
Use Hotkeys To Switch Programs.txt
Useful Download Guide, Fix Down, 0daycn Ttdown, Links.txt
User's Guide To Avoiding Virus Infections, Keeping an eye out for viruses.txt
Using Google As A Calculator, A Tutorial.txt
Using Google for searching ebooks.txt
Using Rapid Share, How to use them and skip the BS.txt
Video Avatars.txt
Viewing Leftover Driver Entries.txt
Virtual Memory Information.txt
Virtual Memory Optimization Guide Rev. 4.0 - Final.txt
Want To Download Torrent File By Using Google.txt
Warez Definations.txt
WAREZ DEFINITION.txt
Way To Download From Brturbo, FireFox.txt
We Don't Need No Education, Online classes made easy.txt
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What is the Registry.txt
What Should I Do With Image Files.txt
What You Wanted To Know About Movie Jargon, But Were Afraid To Ask.txt
When Good Discs Go Bad.txt
Where Is Winipcfg In Winxp.txt
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Win 2000 Dr. Watsson.txt
Windows 2000 Tips & Tricks.txt
Windows 2003 System Restore, How to activate system restore in W2K3.txt
Windows Scan Count Down Time.txt
Windows Shortcuts.txt
WINDOWS TRUE HIDDEN FILES.txt
Windows Tweak, Hack Your Start Button.txt
Windows Xp - Speed Up Your Network and Internet Access.txt
WINDOWS XP HIDDEN APPS.txt
Windows XP Registry Tweaks.txt
Windows XP Startup and Performance Tweaks.txt
Windows Xp Tips 'n' Tricks.txt
Windows Xp Tweaks, A work in progress.txt
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WinRar Tutorial - Compression profiles, passwords and more.txt
Winsock 2 Repair.txt
WinXP 3 Tips.txt
Winxp Application Defrag, faster access for used programs.txt
Winxp Applications Startup Time, Decrease your Applications startup time.txt
WinXP Bootable CD.txt
Winxp System Response, reboot whitout rebooting.txt
Winxp Tips And Tricks, Winsock 2 repair.txt
Xp Auto Install.txt
Xp Folder View Does Not Stay To You're Setting., Grab your registry editor and join in.txt
XP REPAIR INSTALL.txt
XP Tweaking.txt
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Info on overclocking

2009-06-15T17:46:00.000-07:00

Why Overclock a computer?

The primary benefit of overclocking is additional computer performance without the increased cost. Most individuals who overclock their system either want to try and produce the fastest desktop system possible or to extend their computer power on a limited budget. In some cases, individuals are able to boost their system performance 25% or more! For example, a person may buy something like an AMD 2500+ and through careful overclocking end up with a processor that runs at the equivalent processing power as a AMD 3000+, but at a greatly reduced cost.

There are drawbacks to overclocking a computer system. The biggest drawback to overclocking a computer part is that you are voiding any warranty provided by the manufacturer because it is not running within its rated specification. Overclocked parts that are pushed to their limits also tend to have a reduced functional lifespan or even worse, if improperly done, can be destroyed completely. For that reason, all overclocking guides on the net will have a disclaimer warning individuals of these facts before telling you the steps to overclocking.

Bus Speeds and Multipliers:

To first understand overclocking a CPU in a computer, it is important to know how the speed of the processor it computed. All processor speeds are based upon two distinct factors, bus speed and multiplier.

The bus speed is the core clock cycle rate that the processor communicates with items such as the memory and the chipset. It is commonly rated in the MHz rating scale referring to the number of cycles per second that it runs at. The problem is the bus term is used frequently for different aspects of the computer and will likely be lower than the user expects. For example, an AMD XP 3200+ processor uses a 400 MHz DDR memory, but the processor is in fact using a 200MHz frontside bus that is clock doubled to use 400 MHz DDR memory. Similarly, the new Pentium 4 C processors have an 800 MHz frontside bus, but it is really a quad pumped 200 MHz bus.

The multiplier is the multiple that the processor will run at compared to the bus speed. This is the actual number of processing cycles it will run at in a single clock cycle of the bus speed. So, a Pentium 4 2.4GHz "B" processor is based on the following:

133 MHz x 18 multiplier = 2394MHz or 2.4 GHz

When overclocking a processor, these are the two factors that can be used to influence the performance. Increasing the bus speed will have the greatest impact as it increases factors such as memory speed (if the memory runs synchronously) as well as the processor speed. The multiplier has a lower impact than the bus speed, but can be more difficult to adjust.

Let's look at an example of three AMD processors:

CPU Model	Multiplier	Bus Speed	CPU Clock Speed
Athlon XP 2500+	11x	166 MHz	1.83 GHz
Athlon XP 2800+	12.5x	166 MHz	2.08 GHz
Athlon XP 3000+	13x	166 MHz	2.17 GHz
Athlon XP 3200+	11x	200 MHz	2.20 GHz

Let's then look at two examples of overclocking the XP2500+ processor to see what the rated clock speed would be by changing either the bus speed or the muliplier:

CPU Model	Overclock Factor	Multiplier	Bus Speed	CPU Clock
Athlon XP 2500+	Bus Increase	11x	(166 + 34) MHz	2.20 GHz
Athlon XP 2500 +	Multiplier Increase	(11+2)x	166 MHz	2.17 GHz

In the above example, we have done two changes each with a result that places it at either the speed of the 3200+ or a 3000+ processor. Of course, these speeds are not necessarily possible on every Athlon XP 2500+. In addition, there may be a large number of other factors to take into consideration to reach such speeds.

Because overclocking was becoming a problem from some unscrupulous dealers who were overclocking lower rated processors and selling them as higher priced processors, the manufacturers started to implement hardware locks to make overclocking more difficult. The most common method is through clock locking. The manufacturers modify traces on the chips to run only at a specific multiplier. This can still be defeated through modification of the processor, but it is much more difficult.

Voltages:

Every computer part is regulated to specific voltages for their operation. During the process of overclocking the parts, its possible that the electrical signal will be degraded as it traverses the circuitry. If the degradation is enough, it can cause the system to become unstable. When overclocking the bus or multiplier speeds, the signals are more likely to get interference. To combat this, one can increase the voltages to the CPU core, memory or AGP bus.

There are limits to the amount of additional voltage that can be applied to the processor. If too much voltage is applied, the circuits inside the parts can be destroyed. Typically this is not a problem because most motherboards restrict the possible voltage settings. The more common problem is overheating. The more voltage supplied, the higher the thermal output of the processor.

HEAT!:

The biggest obstacle to overclocking the computer system is heat. Today's high-speed computer systems already produce a large amount of heat. Overclocking a computer system just compounds these problems. As a result, anyone planning to overclock their computer system should be very aware of the needs for high performance cooling solutions.

The most common form of cooling a computer system is through standard air cooling. This comes in the form of CPU heatsinks and fans, heat spreaders on memory, fans on video cards and case fans. Proper airflow and good conducting metals are key to the performance of air cooling. Large copper heatsinks tend to perform better and the greater number of case fans to pull in air into the system also helps to improve cooling.

Beyond air cooling there is liquid cooling and phase change cooling. These systems are far more complex and expensive than standard PC cooling solutions, but they offer a higher performance at heat dissipation and generally lower noise. Well-built systems can allow the overclocker to really push the performance of their hardware to its limits, but the cost can end up being more expensive than processor to begin with. The other drawback is liquids running through the system that can risk electrical shorts damaging or destroying the equipment.

How do I overclock my pc?:

The following section describes how overclocking may be done using the BIOS. Enter the BIOS during system startup. Select the Bios Features Setup, CPU Soft Menu or any other similar option and press Enter. Modify the CPU Host Bus Frequency, External Clock (PCI) or similar option shown with Page Down until you find the motherboard FSB speed you want (for example 200 MHz for processors whose FSB normally works at 166 MHz). In the CPU Core section find the Multiple Bus Frequency or Multiplier factor and modify the value of the CPU Multiplier (for example 11x may be changed to 13x). Now save the changes to the CMOS and exit.It is generally advisable to change the parameters in steps. For example increase the FSB speed by a few MHz and check whether the system boots. If your computer boots increase the speed further and check again. Repeat until you have the highest setting with which your computer will boot up. Now test your OS with some resource hungry application say a game, to check whether the system crashes. If it crashes lower the FSB speed in steps till the point where the system is stable.

Overclocking results in change to the voltage profile within the circuitry. This can be minimized by increasing the voltages applied but too much increase can burn up the circuitry. A bigger problem is the heat generated due to overclocking. This is tackled through the use better CPU heatsinks and fans, heat spreaders on memory, fans on video cards and case fans.

HowStuffWorks-Flash collection-365 flash files

2009-06-15T05:05:00.000-07:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/241073772/How_Stuffs_Works_Flash_1.rar

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CCNA Tutorial in simple PowerPoint Presentations [New]

2009-06-15T05:02:00.000-07:00

Info on top 10 viruses in this world

2009-06-15T04:13:00.000-07:00

Introduction:

Computer viruses can be a nightmare. Some can wipe out the information on a hard drive, tie up traffic on a computer network for hours, turn an innocent machine into a zombie and replicate and send themselves to other computers. If you've never had a machine fall victim to a computer virus, you may wonder what the fuss is about. But the concern is understandable

-- according to Consumer Reports, computer viruses helped contribute to $8.5 billion in consumer losses in 2008. Computer viruses are just one kind of online threat, but they're arguably the best known of the bunch.

Worst Computer Virus 1: Storm Worm

The latest virus on our list is the dreaded Storm Worm. It was late 2006 when computer security experts first identified the worm. The public began to call the virus the Storm Worm because one of the e-mail messages carrying the virus had as its subject "230 dead as storm batters Europe." Antivirus companies call the worm other names. For example, Symantec calls it Peacomm while McAfee refers to it as Nuwar. This might sound confusing, but there's already a 2001 virus called the W32.Storm.Worm. The 2001 virus and the 2006 worm are completely different programs.

See this video how the storm worm spreads with in a short span

The Storm Worm is a Trojan horse program. Its payload is another program, though not always the same one. Some versions of the Storm Worm turn computers into zombies or bots. As computers become infected, they become vulnerable to remote control by the person behind the attack. Some hackers use the Storm Worm to create a botnet and use it to send spam mail across the Internet.

Many versions of the Storm Worm fool the victim into downloading the application through fake links to news stories or videos. The people behind the attacks will often change the subject of the e-mail to reflect current events. For example, just before the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, a new version of the worm appeared in e-mails with subjects like "a new deadly catastrophe in China" or "China's most deadly earthquake." The e-mail claimed to link to video and news stories related to the subject, but in reality clicking on the link activated a download of the worm to the victim's computer.

Several news agencies and blogs named the Storm Worm one of the worst virus attacks in years. By July 2007, an official with the security company Postini claimed that the firm detected more than 200 million e-mails carrying links to the Storm Worm during an attack that spanned several days. Fortunately, not every e-mail led to someone downloading the worm.
Although the Storm Worm is widespread, it's not the most difficult virus to detect or remove from a computer system. If you keep your antivirus software up to date and remember to use caution when you receive e-mails from unfamiliar people or see strange links, you'll save yourself some major headaches.

Worst Computer Virus 2: Leap-A/Oompa-A

Maybe you've seen the ad in Apple's Mac computer marketing campaign where Justin "I'm a Mac" Long consoles John "I'm a PC" Hodgman. Hodgman comes down with a virus and points out that there are more than 100,000 viruses that can strike a computer. Long says that those viruses target PCs, not Mac computers.

For the most part, that's true. Mac computers are partially protected from virus attacks because of a concept called security through obscurity. Apple has a reputation for keeping its operating system (OS) and hardware a closed system -- Apple produces both the hardware and the software. This keeps the OS obscure. Traditionally, Macs have been a distant second to PCs in the home computer market. A hacker who creates a virus for the Mac won't hit as many victims as he or she would with a virus for PCs.

But that hasn't stopped at least one Mac hacker. In 2006, the Leap-A virus, also known as Oompa-A, debuted. It uses the iChat instant messaging program to propagate across vulnerable Mac computers. After the virus infects a Mac, it searches through the iChat contacts and sends a message to each person on the list. The message contains a corrupted file that appears to be an innocent JPEG image.

The Leap-A virus doesn't cause much harm to computers, but it does show that even a Mac computer can fall prey to malicious software. As Mac computers become more popular, we'll probably see more hackers create customized viruses that could damage files on the computer or snarl network traffic. Hodgman's character may yet have his revenge.

Worst Computer Virus 3: Sasser and Netsky

Sometimes computer virus programmers escape detection. But once in a while, authorities find a way to track a virus back to its origin. Such was the case with the Sasser and Netsky viruses. A 17-year-old German named Sven Jaschan created the two programs and unleashed them onto the Internet. While the two worms behaved in different ways, similarities in the code led security experts to believe they both were the work of the same person.

The Sasser worm attacked computers through a Microsoft Windows vulnerability. Unlike other worms, it didn't spread through e-mail. Instead, once the virus infected a computer, it looked for other vulnerable systems. It contacted those systems and instructed them to download the virus. The virus would scan random IP addresses to find potential victims. The virus also altered the victim's operating system in a way that made it difficult to shut down the computer without cutting off power to the system.

This is the message shown by the system when sasser virus attacked

The Netsky virus moves through e-mails and Windows networks. It spoofs e-mail addresses and propagates through a 22,016-byte file attachment [source: CERT]. As it spreads, it can cause a denial of service (DoS) attack as systems collapse while trying to handle all the Internet traffic. At one time, security experts at Sophos believed Netsky and its variants accounted for 25 percent of all computer viruses on the Internet.

Sven Jaschan spent no time in jail; he received a sentence of one year and nine months of probation. Because he was under 18 at the time of his arrest, he avoided being tried as an adult in German courts.

Worst Computer Virus 4: MyDoom

The MyDoom (or Novarg) virus is another worm that can create a backdoor in the victim computer's operating system. The original MyDoom virus -- there have been several variants -- had two triggers. One trigger caused the virus to begin a denial of service (DoS) attack starting Feb. 1, 2004. The second trigger commanded the virus to stop distributing itself on Feb. 12, 2004. Even after the virus stopped spreading, the backdoors created during the initial infections remained active.

Later that year, a second outbreak of the MyDoom virus gave several search engine companies grief. Like other viruses, MyDoom searched victim computers for e-mail addresses as part of its replication process. But it would also send a search request to a search engine and use e-mail addresses found in the search results. Eventually, search engines like Google began to receive millions of search requests from corrupted computers. These attacks slowed down search engine services and even caused some to crash .

MyDoom spread through e-mail and peer-to-peer networks. According to the security firm MessageLabs, one in every 12 e-mail messages carried the virus at one time . Like the Klez virus, MyDoom could spoof e-mails so that it became very difficult to track the source of the infection.

Worst Computer Virus 5: SQL Slammer/Sapphire

In late January 2003, a new Web server virus spread across the Internet. Many computer networks were unprepared for the attack, and as a result the virus brought down several important systems. The Bank of America's ATM service crashed, the city of Seattle suffered outages in 911 service and Continental Airlines had to cancel several flights due to electronic ticketing and check-in errors.

The Slammer worm was launched in a test lab, with proper protection to ensure no propagation occurs beyond this network. A diagram of the network is shown below:

The machine to be targeted is 192.168.1.106, hereby denoted by its domain name

The culprit was the SQL Slammer virus, also known as Sapphire. By some estimates, the virus caused more than $1 billion in damages before patches and antivirus software caught up to the problem. The progress of Slammer's attack is well documented. Only a few minutes after infecting its first Internet server, the Slammer virus was doubling its number of victims every few seconds. Fifteen minutes after its first attack, the Slammer virus infected nearly half of the servers that act as the pillars of the Internet .

The Slammer virus taught a valuable lesson: It's not enough to make sure you have the latest patches and antivirus software. Hackers will always look for a way to exploit any weakness, particularly if the vulnerability isn't widely known. While it's still important to try and head off viruses before they hit you, it's also important to have a worst-case-scenario plan to fall back on should disaster strike.

Worst Computer Virus 6: Nimda

Another virus to hit the Internet in 2001 was the Nimda (which is admin spelled backwards) worm. Nimda spread through the Internet rapidly, becoming the fastest propagating computer virus at that time. In fact, according to TruSecure CTO Peter Tippett, it only took 22 minutes from the moment Nimda hit the Internet to reach the top of the list of reported attacks .

SMobile Systems
The Symbian Skull Virus affects cell phones, causing them to display a series of skull images like this.

The Nimda worm's primary targets were Internet servers. While it could infect a home PC, its real purpose was to bring Internet traffic to a crawl. It could travel through the Internet using multiple methods, including e-mail. This helped spread the virus across multiple servers in record time.

The Nimda worm created a backdoor into the victim's operating system. It allowed the person behind the attack to access the same level of functions as whatever account was logged into the machine currently. In other words, if a user with limited privileges activated the worm on a computer, the attacker would also have limited access to the computer's functions. On the other hand, if the victim was the administrator for the machine, the attacker would have full control.
The spread of the Nimda virus caused some network systems to crash as more of the system's resources became fodder for the worm. In effect, the Nimda worm became a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack.

Worst Computer Virus 7: Code Red and Code Red II

The Code Red and Code Red II worms popped up in the summer of 2001. Both worms exploited an operating system vulnerability that was found in machines running Windows 2000 and Windows NT. The vulnerability was a buffer overflow problem, which means when a machine running on these operating systems receives more information than its buffers can handle, it starts to overwrite adjacent memory.

The original Code Red worm initiated a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack on the White House. That means all the computers infected with Code Red tried to contact the Web servers at the White House at the same time, overloading the machines.

Code red only targeted certain computers running the Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Server) Web Server, exploiting a bug in the software. Once a computer was compromised by the virus, it would modify the handled website, displaying the message “Welcome to http://www.worm.com! Hacked by Chinese!” Then, it would later seek other computers running the web server software and do the same thing. After about two weeks of infection, the virus was programmed to launch DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks on certain websites, including the server of the White House.

The Code Red Virus

A Windows 2000 machine infected by the Code Red II worm no longer obeys the owner. That's because the worm creates a backdoor into the computer's operating system, allowing a remote user to access and control the machine. In computing terms, this is a system-level compromise, and it's bad news for the computer's owner. The person behind the virus can access information from the victim's computer or even use the infected computer to commit crimes. That means the victim not only has to deal with an infected computer, but also may fall under suspicion for crimes he or she didn't commit.

While Windows NT machines were vulnerable to the Code Red worms, the viruses' effect on these machines wasn't as extreme. Web servers running Windows NT might crash more often than normal, but that was about as bad as it got. Compared to the woes experienced by Windows 2000 users, that's not so bad.

Microsoft released software patches that addressed the security vulnerability in Windows 2000 and Windows NT. Once patched, the original worms could no longer infect a Windows 2000 machine; however, the patch didn't remove viruses from infected computers -- victims had to do that themselves.

Worst Computer Virus 8: The Klez Virus

The Klez virus marked a new direction for computer viruses, setting the bar high for those that would follow. It debuted in late 2001, and variations of the virus plagued the Internet for several months. The basic Klez worm infected a victim's computer through an e-mail message, replicated itself and then sent itself to people in the victim's address book.

Some variations of the Klez virus carried other harmful programs that could render a victim's computer inoperable. Depending on the version, the Klez virus could act like a normal computer virus, a worm or a Trojan horse. It could even disable virus-scanning software and pose as a virus-removal tool .

(Click on the image if you are unable to read the matter in the image)

Shortly after it appeared on the Internet, hackers modified the Klez virus in a way that made it far more effective. Like other viruses, it could comb through a victim's address book and send itself to contacts. But it could also take another name from the contact list and place that address in the "From" field in the e-mail client. It's called spoofing -- the e-mail appears to come from one source when it's really coming from somewhere else.

Spoofing an e-mail address accomplishes a couple of goals. For one thing, it doesn't do the recipient of the e-mail any good to block the person in the "From" field, since the e-mails are really coming from someone else. A Klez worm programmed to spam people with multiple e-mails could clog an inbox in short order, because the recipients would be unable to tell what the real source of the problem was. Also, the e-mail's recipient might recognize the name in the "From" field and therefore be more receptive to opening it.

Worst Computer Virus 9: ILOVEYOU

A year after the Melissa virus hit the Internet, a digital menace emerged from the Philippines. Unlike the Melissa virus, this threat came in the form of a worm -- it was a standalone program capable of replicating itself. It bore the name ILOVEYOU.

The ILOVEYOU virus initially traveled the Internet by e-mail, just like the Melissa virus. The subject of the e-mail said that the message was a love letter from a secret admirer. An attachment in the e-mail was what caused all the trouble.

What it does?

The original worm had the file name of LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT.vbs. The vbs extension pointed to the language the hacker used to create the worm: Visual Basic Scripting . According to anti-virus software producer McAfee, the ILOVEYOU virus had a wide range of attacks:

It copied itself several times and hid the copies in several folders on the victim's hard drive.

It added new files to the victim's registry keys.

It replaced several different kinds of files with copies of itself.

It sent itself through Internet Relay Chat clients as well as e-mail.

It downloaded a file called WIN-BUGSFIX.EXE from the Internet and executed it.

Rather than fix bugs, this program was a password-stealing application that e-mailed secret information to the hacker's e-mail address.

Who created the ILOVEYOU virus? Some think it was Onel de Guzman of the Philippines. Filipino authorities investigated de Guzman on charges of theft -- at the time the Philippines had no computer espionage or sabotage laws. Citing a lack of evidence, the Filipino authorities dropped the charges against de Guzman, who would neither confirm nor deny his responsibility for the virus. According to some estimates, the ILOVEYOU virus caused $10 billion in damages.

Worst Computer Virus 10: Melissa

In the spring of 1999, a man named David L. Smith created a computer virus based on a Microsoft Word macro. He built the virus so that it could spread through e-mail messages. Smith named the virus "Melissa," saying that he named it after an exotic dancer from Florida.

David L. Smith - Creator of Melissa virus

Rather than shaking its moneymaker, the Melissa computer virus tempts recipients into opening a document with an e-mail message like "Here is that document you asked for, don't show it to anybody else." Once activated, the virus replicates itself and sends itself out to the top 50 people in the recipient's e-mail address book.

The virus spread rapidly after Smith unleashed it on the world. The United States federal government became very interested in Smith's work -- according to statements made by FBI officials to Congress, the Melissa virus "wreaked havoc on government and private sector networks". The increase in e-mail traffic forced some companies to discontinue e-mail programs until the virus was contained.
After a lengthy trial process, Smith lost his case and received a 20-month jail sentence. The court also fined Smith $5,000 and forbade him from accessing computer networks without court authorization. Ultimately, the Melissa virus didn't cripple the Internet, but it was one of the first computer viruses to get the public's attention.

What it does?

Macro Viruses are imbedded in a spreadsheet or word-processor document. When the document is opened the macro virus does its nasty work. In the case of the Melissa virus, it uses your email program to send a copy of its self to the first 50 people in your email address book.

If you receive email that looks like the above, you have the potential to become infected. You wont become infected if you DO NOT open the attachment.

This is what you'll see if you receive the Melissa Virus

1. It may be from someone you know. But they don't know they sent it.

2. The subject line will read, "Important Message From" and the name may be someone you know.

3. The body of the mail will read, "Here is that document you asked for don't show anyone else "

4. The attachment, where this nasty little bug lives, has the name of list.doc.

The program is somewhat devious in that it sends itself from the email addresses of people who are likely to be familiar contacts, arriving as email with the subject line "Important message from..." followed by the sender's name. The body says "Here is that document you asked for ... don't show anyone else." The email includes an attached Word file "list.doc," which includes the porn sites' addresses.

The virus doesn't appear to cause any damage to infected computers except in rare cases when the minutes of the current time match the date--for example at 4:26 p.m. on March 26. In this instance, the virus will insert the Bart Simpson quotation, "Twenty-two points, plus triple-word-score, plus fifty points for using all my letters. Game's over. I'm outta here" into a user's active document.

Somewhat like the mathematical progression of a pyramid scheme, the Melissa Virus sends 50 copies of its self to others. Then they each send 50 copies (that's 2500) then those 2500 send 50 to 125000, then they send 6,250,000. In just 6 hops nasty Melissa could be sent to over 300 million people. There's a very real possibility that the virus could overwhelm mail servers.

CCNA Tutorial in simple PowerPoint Presentations [New]

2009-06-11T00:27:00.000-07:00

Click on the download icon to start your download

Java Video Tuturials

2009-06-09T19:56:00.000-07:00

Video tutorials from VTC.com

Introduction

Course Introduction (03:13)
What is Java? (05:43)
What You Will Need (04:08)
A Few Important Words (03:33)
The Command Line Installation (05:30)
Course Overview (04:09)
Two Programs Named Howdy
The Source Code of Howdy (05:20)
Compiling and Running Howdy (02:58)
The Source Code of a Howdy Window (04:04)
Compiling and Running Howdy Window (02:24)
Adding Exits to Howdy Window (03:24)
Drawing Text in a Window
Font Anatomy (04:02)
Positioning Text Version pt. 1 (05:28)
Positioning Text Version pt. 2 (06:06)
Positioning Text Version pt. 3 (04:34)
Garbage Collection (03:47)
Selecting Fonts (05:33)
Selecting Colors (07:02)
A Few Language Fundamentals
The Arithmetic Data Types (06:03)
More Fundamental Data Types (03:42)
Operators (06:39)
The String Class (06:05)
Arrays (03:28)
If and Conditionals (04:53)
Looping (05:19)
Listing Fonts (03:44)
Classes, Data, and Access
Methods/Arguments/Returns (03:30)
Fundamental Inheritance (05:50)
The Sun Documentation (07:52)
The Creation of an Object (04:00)
More About Constructors (03:52)
Access (04:58)
Drawing and Painting
Drawing Rectangles (03:54)
Filling Rectangles (03:49)
Drawing and Filling Circles (03:36)
The Rounded Rectangle (05:53)
Drawing and Filling Arcs (04:34)
Inventing a Shape of Your Own (04:26)
Rectangle with a Beveled Edge (06:10)
Simple Color Shading (03:57)
The Checkerboard and Shading Problems (05:26)
Two Checkerboard and Shading Solutions (06:32)
Graphic Files
Loading a Graphic File from Disk (05:03)
Displaying a Graphic Image (04:52)
Loading a Graphic File from the Internet (04:07)
Scaling Images (04:26)
Drawing in Memory (05:00)
Picture Checkerboard Problem (03:16)
Picture Checkerboard Solution (04:40)
Simple Animation
Threads (04:43)
A Simple Thread Example (04:33)
A Simple Animation (06:46)
Overcoming the Flicker Problem (05:01)
Pong Program One (05:56)
Pong Program Two (06:46)
The Switch and Case Statement (05:21)
The Doomed Vessel (05:39)
Introduction to Applets
Applet Fundmentals (05:50)
The Constructor and Init (05:10)
An Applet is a Creature of the Internet (03:57)
Creating a Production Applet (04:40)
Animated Applet Structure (03:51)
One Bouncing Ball (05:53)
Random (04:05)
One Hundred Bouncing Balls (06:38)
The Autumn Leaves Applet (07:10)
Responding to the Mouse
Java Interfaces (07:20)
A Simple Mouse Clicker (04:59)
Moving an Object in a Window (03:53)
Dragging an Object in a Window (05:43)
Dragging a Returning Object in a Window (03:54)
Components
Components and the AWT (04:36)
Placing Buttons in Panel (04:43)
Listening to Buttons in a Panel (03:56)
Poking Text into a Label (03:53)
A Choice is for Making a Selection (04:59)
A List is for Making a Selections (06:28)
A Text Field is for Typing (05:23)
Toggles Turn On and Off (05:59)
Placing Components in a Window
Containers and Layout Managers (05:52)
The Border Layout Manager (04:28)
The Grid Layout Manager (03:40)
The GridBag Layout Manager pt. 1 (04:58)
The GridBag Layout Manager pt. 2 (04:12)
The Card Layout Manager (04:25)
The XY Layout Manager (06:55)
Dialogs and Menus
A Non-Modal Dialog (03:47)
A Modal Dialog (05:10)
A Messaging Dialog (07:25)
A Menu on a Frame (06:58)
Wrap Up
Command Line Options for Javac (05:18)
Command Line Options for Java (04:55)

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